The vast coastal forests of Tanzania are experiencing rapid degradation due to anthropogenic factors associated with climate change and rapid population growth. Kazimzumbwi and Pugu forests in Dar es Salaam are among the critical ecosystem biodiversity hotspots threatened by urban development. In most of the current international literature, there is a consensus that, most important anthropogenic causes of adverse effects on the biota of the coastal zone are overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution and global warming with the attendant sea level rise. Mangroves are major component of the coastal zone ecosystem. The most important anthropogenic effects on mangroves are overharvesting
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